You can take a human living in a primative society and teach him higher-level concepts such as calculus, especially if you get to him very young. Can you do this with a dolphin?
I'm always skeptical when people assume dolphins are as intelligent as humans, or nearly so. It seems to me to be part of the anthropomorphization of animals that is common in human society.
And I'm skeptical when people quote the inventions of the top 0.00001% of humans that are understood by the top 10% to prove that the human species as a whole is so advanced. We as a species owe
a lot to a very few Newtons, Eulers, Einsteins, Motzarts, and Shakespeares. The number of people that have understood, say, calculus over the entire history of our species is low.
Lets ask instead how advanced dolphins are compared to say, paleolithic hunter-gatherers. People who were only trying to survive their environment and had no idea of science, math, literature, etc that were the inventions of the very few later on. The big advantages of the species were intelligence, language, and tool making. Well, dolphins are by most accounts intelligent and might very well have a sort of language. Inferior tool making can be attributed to lack of the biological structures useful for making tools, and the fact that they are a bit better adapted to their environment to be motivated to make them in the first place (i.e. you only need to make a spear if you are smaller and slower than your food. And shelter if your own environment is actually fatal. And from that, engineering.)
Anyway, I think this is exciting and on par with discovering extraterrestrial intelligence, if indeed we are on the verge of two-way interspecies communication. Not only would that change the way we view ourselves and the planet in a SETI-like sense, but I can imagine real-world applications as well.